Method to encapsulate copper plug for interconnect metallization

ABSTRACT

An encapsulated copper plug on a doped silicon semiconductor substrate has a substrate surface, covered with insulation, with a plug hole with a diffusion barrier formed on the walls and the bottom of the hole to the top of the hole. The plug hole is partially filled with an electrolessly deposited copper metal plug. An encapsulating metal deposit caps the plug without any intervening oxidation and degradation. In a transition from copper to a codeposit of copper, an encapsulating Pt, Pd, and/or Ag metal deposits in the electroless bath without oxidation and degradation followed by a pure deposit of the encapsulating metal layer to cap the plug. The surface of the encapsulating metal deposit is formed by overgrowth above the plug hole followed by polishing the surface of the insulator layer removing the overgrowth of the metal layer polished by a CMP process to planarize the surface of the insulator layer which is the top surface of device to achieve coplanarity of metal layer with the topography of the insulator layer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates to interconnection structures for silicon semiconductor devices and more particularly to methods and apparatus for forming conductive plugs serving as contacts or via connections.

[0003] 2. Description of Related Art

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,787 of Zhao et al. for “Selective Electroless Copper Deposited Interconnect Plugs for ULSI Applications” shows selective CU electroless deposition in a via hole using a seed layer. An electroless copper (Cu) deposition method selectively forms encapsulated copper plugs to connect conductive regions of a semiconductor device. A contact displacement technique forms a thin activation copper layer on a barrier metal layer, e.g. TiN, which covers the underlying metal layer. Copper is deposited in the via by an electroless auto-catalytic process. Electroless copper deposition continues until the via is almost filled which leaves sufficient room at the top for an upper encapsulation to be formed there, but first the device is rinsed in DI water to remove the electroless deposition solution. Then after the rising away of the electroless copper solution, a cap barrier layer, from 500 Å to about 1500 Å thick, is formed of a variety of metals or metal alloys such as Ni, Co, Ni—Co alloy, CoP, NiCoP, or NiP from another electroless solution. Sidewalls of SiN or SiON, the bottom barrier layer and the cap barrier layer complete the full encapsulation of the copper plug via.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,789 of Misawa for “Process for Fabricating Integrated Circuit Devices” produces a TiN/Cu (titanium nitride/copper) interconnect having a capping layer formed of TiN unlike the Pt, Pd, or Ag cap layer of this invention.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,271 of Feldstein for “Dispersions for Activating Non-Conductors for Electroless Plating” shows an electroless deposition technique.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Alternative metallization metal that is capable of delivering better (1) conductivity and (2) minimizing electromigration is implemented in a design in accordance with this invention. Copper is very much envisaged to be the future metal for interconnect metals in vias and contacts since it meets the above two important criteria. Moreover, deposition of copper by the electroless method seems to be an attractive approach based upon factors such as cost of ownership, simplicity of the process and void-free filling capability. However, copper is very prone to oxidation and degradation unless proper treatment is carried out after deposition. Such oxidation and degradation adversely affect the overall performance of devices.

[0008] In accordance with this invention, a method is provided for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon semiconductor substrate having a substrate surface which is covered with an insulation layer which comprises the following steps. Form a plug hole in the insulation layer down to the substrate surface, which plug hole has walls and a bottom comprising a portion of the substrate surface. Form a diffusion barrier on the walls and the bottom of the hole. Partially fill the plug hole with a copper metal deposit to a predetermined depth which is less than the depth “h” of the hole leaving a space in the plug hole above the copper metal deposit. Deposit an encapsulating metal layer on the surface of the copper metal deposit including an overgrowth above the plug hole, and then polish the surface of the insulator layer removing the overgrowth of the metal layer to planarize the surface of the insulator layer which is the top surface of device to achieve coplanarity of metal layer with the topography of the insulator layer.

[0009] Preferably, the copper metal deposit is plated in an enclosed environment, such as a plating process which preferably employs an electroless plating bath. After the predetermined depth been reached, the plating continues, gradually switching the constituents in the bath from copper to codeposition of copper and the encapsulating layer followed by plating, preferably electrolessly, only the encapsulating metal layer from the bath into the space at the top of the plug hole above the copper metal deposit and then after filling the plug hole, the plating continues until a small overgrowth has been formed.

[0010] Preferably, the encapsulating metal layer is composed of a noble metal, preferably selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, and Ag, and the encapsulating layer is then polished by a CMP process after the overgrowth.

[0011] Preferably, the diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN.

[0012] In accordance with another aspect of this invention, a device including a doped silicon semiconductor substrate has a substrate surface which is covered with an insulation layer in which a copper plug is formed in contact with the substrate surface. There is a plug hole in the insulation layer down to the substrate surface, the plug hole having walls and a bottom comprising a portion of the substrate surface. A diffusion barrier is formed on the walls and the bottom of the hole. A copper metal deposit partially fills the plug hole to a predetermined depth which is less than the depth “h” of the hole leaving a space in the plug hole above the copper metal deposit formed in situ with an encapsulating metal layer deposited on the surface of the copper metal deposit. The surface of the insulator layer had been polished to planarize the surface of the insulator layer which is the top surface of device to achieve coplanarity of metal layer with the topography of the insulator layer. Thus, the space at the top of the plug hole is covered with pure encapsulating metal at the top of the hole without any copper.

[0013] Preferably, the copper metal plug was deposited in situ to the predetermined depth less than the depth “h” was reached with a gradual transition of a codeposit of the copper metal and the encapsulating metal layer in the space in the plug hole above the copper metal deposit until only the encapsulating metal is present without any of the copper at the top of the plug hole.

[0014] Preferably the copper was deposited by plating, preferably in a plating bath, in an enclosed environment to the predetermined depth less than the depth “h” and gradually switched to a codeposit with the encapsulating metal layer into the space in the plug hole above the copper metal deposit until a small overgrowth of the metal layer has been formed above the plug hole.

[0015] The plating bath plates copper until the predetermined depth less than the depth “h” was reached with a gradual transition from of the constituents in the bath to plate the encapsulating metal layer from the bath.

[0016] Preferably, the copper metal deposit was plated from a plating bath in an electroless plating process.

[0017] Preferably, a gradual transition of the constituents in the bath to plate a codeposit of the copper and the encapsulating metal layer from the bath into the space in the plug hole to pure encapsulating metal at the top of the hole without any copper.

[0018] Preferably, the diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride preferably selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN.

[0019] Preferably, the encapsulating metal layer is composed of a noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, and Ag.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The foregoing and other aspects and advantages of this invention are explained and described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0021]FIG. 1 shows a device in an early stage of manufacture formed on a single crystal silicon semiconductor substrate doped with N-type or P-type dopant which is covered with an insulation layer which has a plug (contact/via) hole formed therein down to the substrate surface with the walls and bottom of the hole coated with a diffusion barrier in accordance with this invention.

[0022]FIG. 2 shows the device of FIG. 1 after the plug (contact/via) hole has been partially filled with a copper metal deposit to the depth “h” which is less than the depth of the contact/via hole.

[0023] Referring to FIG. 3, the device of FIG. 2 is shown after copper metal deposit has reached the depth “h” in the plug hole. Then, the plating bath is gradually switched to deposit an encapsulating metal layer on the surface of the copper metal deposit.

[0024]FIG. 4 shows the device of FIG. 3 after polishing the surface of the insulator layer removing the overgrowth of the metal layer shown in FIG. 3, and planarizing the surface of the insulator layer which is the top surface of device to achieve coplanarity of metal layer with the topography of the insulator layer.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0025] As semiconductor device dimensions are constantly being scaled down to the deep submicron regime, the current metallization scheme requires revision.

[0026]FIG. 1 shows a device 8 in an early stage of manufacture. Device 8 is formed on a single crystal silicon semiconductor substrate 10 doped with an impurity selected from a P-type dopant or an N-type dopant in accordance with this invention.

Form Insulator Layer on Semiconductor Substrate

[0027] First coat the semiconductor substrate 10 with an insulator layer 11 composed of a material selected from tetraorthosilicate (TEOS) based silicon dioxide (SiO₂), or SiH₄ based based silicon dioxide (SiO₂).

Form Contact/Via Hole in Insulator Layer

[0028] A plug (contact/via) hole 9 has been formed through the insulator layer 11 reaching down to the surface of the substrate 10 leaving walls of the insulator layer 11 and the portion of the surface of substrate 10 exposed at the bottom of contact/via hole 9.

Form Diffusion Barrier on Surfaces of Contact/Via Hole

[0029] Then form a diffusion barrier layer 12 which coats the exposed surfaces of the plug hole 9 including the walls thereof in the insulator layer 11 as well as the exposed surfaces of the substrate 10 at the bottom of the plug hole 9. The diffusion barrier layer 12 is composed of a refractory metal nitride preferably selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN, i.e. nitrides of titanium, tantalum and tungsten. The refractory metal nitride diffusion barrier layer 12 is formed by the process of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition, or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

Deposit Copper in Contact/Via Hole to Below Top

[0030]FIG. 2 shows the device of FIG. 1 after the contact/via hole 9 has been partially filled with a copper metal deposit 13 to the depth “h” which is less than the depth of the contact/via hole 9. A process of electroless deposition of the copper in hole 9 on the exposed surfaces of the diffusion barrier 12 is performed while performing precise monitoring of the growth rate of the copper metal deposit 13.

Deposit Encapsulating Metal Capping Contact/Via Hole

[0031] Referring to FIG. 3, the device of FIG. 2 is shown after copper metal deposit 13 has reached the depth “h”. Then, the electroless plating bath is gradually switched to deposit an encapsulating metal layer 14 on the surface of the copper metal deposit 13 by an electroless process. The encapsulating metal layer 14 is composed of a noble metal preferably selected from the group consisting of Ag, Pt, and Pd and mixtures and alloys of metals in the aforesaid group.

Deposit Encapsulating Metal Above Top of Hole

[0032] Deposition of the encapsulating metal layer 14 on the surface of the insulator layer 11 continues until a small overgrowth of metal layer 14 occurs extending above the top of contact/via hole 9 as shown in FIG. 3.

Planarize Encapsulating Layer and Insulator Layer

[0033]FIG. 4 shows the device of FIG. 3 after polishing the surface of the insulator layer 11 removing the overgrowth of metal layer 14, and planarizing the surface of insulator layer 11 which is the top surface of device 8 to achieve coplanarity of metal layer 14 with the topography of insulator layer 11 thereby completing the in situ encapsulation of the copper metal deposit 13. The polishing is performed preferably by a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) step.

[0034] The present invention has several advantages as follows:

[0035] 1. It allows immediate encapsulation of copper completely after deposition.

[0036] 2. It enables such encapsulation to be done in situ thus minimizing processing time.

[0037] 3. It allows selective encapsulation of copper immediately after deposition.

[0038] 4. It acts as a sacrificial layer during a CMP process (i.e. minimizes dishing effect.)

[0039] 5. Stopping layer for dry etching (i.e. Via patterning) eliminate Cu halide or Cu oxide formation on the bottom of the Via. Both Cu halide and Cu oxide will cause high via resistance.

[0040] While this invention has been described in terms of the above specific embodiment(s), those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modifications within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, i.e. that changes can be made in form and detail, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly all such changes come within the purview of the present invention and the invention encompasses the subject matter of the claims which follow. 

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed as new and desirable to be secured by Letters Patent is as follows:
 1. A method of forming a copper plug on a doped silicon semiconductor substrate having a substrate surface which is covered with an insulation layer comprising: forming a plug hole in said insulation layer down to said substrate surface, said plug hole having walls, a top and a bottom comprising a portion of said substrate surface, forming a diffusion barrier on said walls and said bottom of said hole, partially filling said plug hole with a copper metal deposit to a predetermined depth as a plug which is less than the depth “h” of said hole leaving a space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit, depositing an encapsulating metal layer on the surface of the copper metal deposit including an overgrowth above said plug hole capping said plug, and then polishing the surface of the insulator layer removing the overgrowth of said metal layer to planarize the surface of the insulator layer which is the top surface of device to achieve coplanarity of metal layer with the topography of said insulator layer.
 2. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is deposited in situ until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching to depositing said encapsulating metal layer in said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 3. A method in accordance with claim 2 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is plated in an enclosed environment until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching to plating said encapsulating metal layer into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 4. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is plated from a plating bath until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching constituents in said bath to plate said encapsulating metal layer from said bath into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 5. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is plated from a plating bath in an electroless plating process until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching the constituents in said bath to plate said encapsulating metal layer from said bath electrolessly into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 6. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein said diffusion barrier layer comprises a refractory metal nitride.
 7. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN.
 8. A method in accordance with claim 2 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is plated in an enclosed environment until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching to plating said encapsulating metal layer into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole, and said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN.
 9. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is plated from a plating bath until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching the constituents in said bath to plate said encapsulating metal layer from said bath into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole, said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride, and said encapsulating metal comprises a noble metal which is polished and planarized with said insulator layer by a CMP process.
 10. A method in accordance with claim 1 for forming a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit is plated from a plating bath in an electroless plating process until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached gradually switching the constituents in said bath to plate said encapsulating metal layer from said bath electrolessly into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole, said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN, and said encapsulating metal layer is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, and Ag which is polished and planarized with said insulator layer by a CMP process.
 11. A device including a doped silicon semiconductor substrate having a substrate surface which is covered with an insulation layer in which a copper plug is formed in contact with said substrate surface comprising: a plug hole in said insulation layer down to said substrate surface, said plug hole having walls, a top, and a bottom comprising a portion of said substrate surface, a diffusion barrier formed on said walls and said bottom of said hole, a copper metal deposit partially filling said plug hole as a plug reaching to a predetermined depth which is less than the depth “h” of said hole leaving a space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit formed in situ with an encapsulating metal layer deposited on the surface of the copper metal deposit, and said surface of said insulator layer having been polished to planarize the surface of the insulator layer which is the top surface of device to achieve coplanarity of said encapsulating metal layer with the topography of said insulator layer.
 12. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit was deposited in situ to said predetermined depth less than the death “h” was reached with a gradual transition of a codeposit of said copper metal and said encapsulating metal layer in said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit until only said encapsulating metal is present without any of said copper at the top of said plug hole.
 13. A device in accordance with claim 12 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit had been plated in an enclosed environment to said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” and gradually switched to a codeposit with said encapsulating metal layer into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 14. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit was plated from a plating bath until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” was reached with a in a gradual transition from of the constituents in said bath to plate said encapsulating metal layer from said bath into said space in said plug hole above said depth “h” without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 15. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit was plated from a plating bath in an electroless plating process until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached in a gradual transition from the constituents in said bath to plate said encapsulating metal layer from said bath electrolessly into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole.
 16. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride.
 17. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN.
 18. A device in accordance with claim 12 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit was plated in an enclosed environment until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached in a gradual transition from plating copper to plating said encapsulating metal layer into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit without any copper at the top of said plug hole until a small overgrowth of said metal layer has been formed above said plug hole, and said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN.
 19. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit was plated from a plating bath until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached in a gradual transition of the constituents in said bath to plate a codeposit of said copper and said encapsulating metal layer from said bath into said space in said plug hole to pure encapsulating metal filling the top of said hole without any copper at the top of said plug hole, said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a a refractory metal nitride, and said encapsulating metal layer is composed of a noble metal.
 20. A device in accordance with claim 11 with a copper plug on a doped silicon substrate surface wherein: said copper metal deposit was plated from a plating bath in an electroless plating process until said predetermined depth less than the depth “h” has been reached in a gradual transition of the constituents in said bath from copper to codeposit copper and said encapsulating metal layer from said bath electrolessly into said space in said plug hole above said copper metal deposit from said bath into said space in said plug hole with pure encapsulating metal at the top of said hole which pure encapsulating metal is free of any copper, said diffusion barrier layer is composed of a refractory metal nitride selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN and WN, and said encapsulating metal layer being a polished and planarized layer composed of a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, and Ag. 